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"Industrial management Environmental aspects Middle East."
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Adaptation to a changing climate in the Arab Countries
Adapting to climate change is not a new phenomenon for the Arab world. For thousands of years, the people in Arab countries have coped with the challenges of climate variability by adapting their survival strategies to changes in rainfall and temperature. Their experience has contributed significantly to the global knowledge on climate change and adaptation. But over the next century global climatic variability is predicted to increase, and Arab countries may well experience unprecedented extremes in climate. Temperatures may reach new highs, and in most places there may be a risk of less rainfall. Under these circumstances, Arab countries and their citizens will once again need to draw on their long experience of adapting to the environment to address the new challenges posed by climate change. This report prepared through a consultative process with Government and other stakeholders in the Arab world assesses the potential effects of climate change on the Arab region and outlines possible approaches and measures to prepare for its consequences. It offers ideas and suggestions for Arab policy makers as to what mitigating actions may be needed in rural and urban settings to safeguard key areas such as health, water, agriculture, and tourism. The report also analyzes the differing impacts of climate change, with special attention paid to gender, as a means of tailoring strategies to address specific vulnerabilities. The socioeconomic impact of climate change will likely vary from country to country, reflecting a country's coping capacity and its level of development. Countries that are wealthier and more economically diverse are generally expected to be more resilient. The report suggests that countries and households will need to diversify their production and income generation, integrate adaptation into all policy making and activities, and ensure a sustained national commitment to address the social, economic, and environmental consequences of climate variability. With these coordinated efforts, the Arab world can, as it has for centuries, successfully adapt and adjust to the challenges of a changing climate.
eBook
Observation of excess heavy metal concentrations in water resources to infer surface water influences on shallow groundwater: a typical example of the Porsuk River (Eskisehir-Turkey)
The Eskisehir province is well-known due to its industrial and agricultural activities, which are a threat for the aquatic environment. Hence, monitoring of water quality in the area is of vital importance because of an excess heavy metal contents, especially As. The Porsuk River is heavily polluted by industrial activities from Kutahya city. It discharges into the Porsuk Dam and from there it flows relatively clean to Eskisehir city center, but beyond this point it increasingly deteriorates due to the negative impact of industrial and agricultural activities up to the junction point of Porsuk and Sakarya rivers. Heavy metal concentrations and As contents in surface and ground waters were selected as pollution indicators to examine pollution level and compare an interaction between river and groundwater. For this purpose, water samples taken between 2008 and 2010 from the Porsuk River along the section from the west of Kutahya to the discharge point into the Sakarya River, as well as groundwater samples from the wells located close to or far of the Porsuk River, were evaluated. Based on the obtained results, we found that the Porsuk River, especially at the locations close to the Sakarya River, and groundwater are polluted in terms of heavy metals and As compounds. In conclusion, the heavy metal and As pollution is also observed in the wells close to the locations in which groundwater is fed by the Porsuk River since it acts as an influent river. Thus, surface water is considered as a polluting source of groundwater.
Journal Article
The World Bank Policy for Projects on International Waterways
This book deals with the evolution and context of the Bank policy for projects on international waterways. It starts with a brief description of how the Bank faced the challenges stemming from such projects, and the different approaches deliberated by the Bank that led to the issuance of the first policy in 1956. The Book then reviews the implementation experience and analyzes the principles and procedures, as well as the main features of each of the policies issued in 1956, 1965 and 1985. The principles of international water law prevailing at each stage of the policy updates are examined and compared with those of Bank policy.The book also discusses in details the notification process: its basis, by whom, to whom, its content, different riparians responses, and the exceptions to the notification requirement. It analyzes how the Bank handles an objection from one or more of the riparians to projects proposed for Bank financing. It also examines how the Bank has dealt with transboundary groundwater, as well as the linkages between the policy for projects on international waterways and the policies on disputed areas and environmental impact assessment. The conclusion provides an overview of the main findings of the book, and highlights some of the lessons drawn from the implementation experience of the policy.
eBook
Research in Economic History
The latest volume in the series Research of Economic History contains articles on the economic history of Europe and the U.S.
eBook
Efficiency in Reaching the Millennium Development Goals
To reach Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) countries (or states or provinces within countries) have two options: increasing these inputs used to \"produce\" the outcomes measured by the MDGs, or increasing the efficiency with which inputs are used. This study looks at whether improvements in efficiency could bring gains in outcomes. Two chapters use world panel data to analyze country level efficiency in improving education, health and GDP (and thereby poverty) indicators. Two other chapters use province and state level data to analyze within-country efficiency in Argentina and Mexico for improving education and health outcomes. Together, the four chapters suggest that apart from increasing inputs, it is necessary to improve efficiency in order to reach the MDGs. While this conclusion is hardly surprising, the analysis helps to quantify how much progress could be achieved through better efficiency, and to some extent, how efficiency itself could be improved.
eBook
Proposals for the integrated management of the shared transboundary water resources of the Jordan River Basin
Proposals for the establishment of an International Jordan River Joint Commission to manage water quality and quantity of the river are presented. Quantities should be divided on the concept of equitable apportionment to meet minimal human and social needs for survival as defined in the Helsinki Rules. The Minimum Water Requirement would be 125 m3 per person.year which included domestic consumption and urban/industrial use with only a small amount for local production of fresh vegetables. The riparian communities, the Israelis, Palestinians, Jordanians, Syrians and Lebanese should share the management of the environmental aspects of the catchment and accept the obligation to assist the Jordanians and Palestinians to meet their Minimum Water Requirement. Such action was only likely to be taken and succeed if a Joint Commission were formed.
Journal Article
Oil: Reopening the Door
Oil-exporting nations are seeking the capital, technology and management skills of the very international oil companies they shut the door on in the 1970s. Driving the changed relationship is broadened competition for market share and needed investments that meet the double criteria of economic and environmental competitiveness. Now flat, oil demand could increase by 20 percent in the next decade, pushed by Asia's economic growth. Even with the opening of Russia, most increased production can be expected from the Middle East, maintaining that troubled region's strategic importance.
Magazine Article